是这种效果？

如果是直接使用left join 将三段SQL拼起来就行

第二种的话：

select a.*,b.*,c.*from(

select '1' as a ,place,count(*)'>4μm_NG' from [Report_Test].[dbo].[ods_QualityModule_cleanliness_recycle] 

where place ='中转油箱出口'  and substring (convert (varchar(4),test_time),0,5) ='2022' and dust1>10000 group by place

) as a

left join (

select '1' as a ,place,count(*)'>6μm_NG' from [Report_Test].[dbo].[ods_QualityModule_cleanliness_recycle] 

where place ='中转油箱出口'  and substring (convert (varchar(4),test_time),0,5) ='2022' and dust2>640 group by place

) as b on a.a=b.a

left join(

select '1' as a ,place,count(*)'>14μm_NG' from [Report_Test].[dbo].[ods_QualityModule_cleanliness_recycle] 

where place ='中转油箱出口'  and substring (convert (varchar(4),test_time),0,5) ='2022' and dust3>160 group by place 

) as on a.a=c.a

有个思路是先union，然后使用case when